Assessing the Impact of Acid Rain on Groundwater Quality in Chirawa Tehsil, Rajasthan: A Comprehensive Analysis

Abstract

Acid rain, driven by atmospheric pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), poses a significant threat to groundwater quality, particularly in arid regions dependent on subterranean water sources. This study investigates the effects of acid rain on groundwater in Chirawa Tehsil, Rajasthan, India, through physicochemical analysis of 20 well samples collected in 2024. Key parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and major ions (calcium, magnesium, sulfate), were measured to assess water quality. Results indicate neutral to slightly alkaline pH (6.8–7.8), but elevated TDS (500–1600 mg/L) and sulfate (50–300 mg/L) suggest acid rain-induced contamination. The Water Quality Index (WQI) classified most samples as poor for drinking, highlighting the need for mitigation. This research underscores the urgency of monitoring and addressing acid rain’s environmental impacts in rapidly industrializing regions.